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Spring Migration 2023

Track the latest arrivals throughout spring 2023

 

Spring Migration is underway and we are delighted to once again bring our Spring Migrants reporting page. Below you will find:

*First Arrivals Map
*First Arrivals Table
*Individual Species section

Track the first reports of nearly 50 species, some of which are common, such as Swallow, and some that are much more unusual, scarce migrants such as Hoopoes and Golden Orioles. For the scarce and rarer migrants, we provide realtime news year-round, whereas for the commoner migrants, we track Spring arrival only.

Please submit your records for species not yet recorded this spring, and for species that have only just arrived.

 

First Arrivals Map

This map shows the first report for each species, with an expandable key, on the left side of the map's top bar, giving details.

 

First Arrivals Table

 

 

Individual Species Accounts

 

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Quail

Median first report: 12 Apr

This year's first report: Not yet reported

Occasionally, Quail are reported in March but early birds prior to mid April are likely to be either escapes from captivity, including non-native Japanese Quail such as one at Flamborough, Yorkshire in March 2016, or they could possibly be overwintering birds. Quail typically arrive much later, from late April into May. Despite being seemingly weak flyers and wintering in North Africa, historically Quail were a common bird in the UK, but their population has been in freefall since 1800, or earlier. Recent studies showed the UK breeding population, at less than 500 pairs, is again in decline since the 90's, following a modest rebound in the decades since the 2nd world war. The European population is estimated to be around 2 million pairs (1.3m - 2.7m).

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Garganey

Median first report: 27 Feb

This year's first report: 27 Feb, Shapwick Heath NNR, Somerset

There are usually a few wintering Garganey in the UK, so early reported birds could potentially refer to those rather than long distance migrants. For example, in the winter of 2020/21, Garganey were recorded in Cambridgeshire, Carmarthenshire, Cheshire, Glamorgan, South Yorkshire, and Somerset. Spring migration occurs throughout March and into May.

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Nightjar

Median first report: 2 May

This year's first report: Not yet reported

There are very few reports of this obligate moth feeder before the influx in May, with most not seen until they arrive at their breeding grounds later in May or early June. Generally, we do not report them at breeding sites, to help minimise the risk of breeding failure due to disturbance. If you choose to visit a Nightjar breeding area, be sure to minimise your impact in every way possible, including never letting a dog off the lead at any time of day where any ground nesting species may be present. Recent estimates show around 4,500 pairs in Britain, approximately 1% of the European breeding population, which is estimated at around half a million pairs.

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Swift

Median first report: 29 Mar

This year's first report: Not yet reported

March and early April Swifts are few and far between, and the possibility of vagrant Pallid Swift should be considered for such birds, and most years it is not until the third week of April that more than one or two have been seen. However, they then normally arrive in a rush, at the very end of the month and in the first few days of May, but if the weather is not favourable for flying insects they may leave en masse to feed in the Low Countries. Some non-breeding Swifts, 2nd-calendar-year birds, may arrive in the UK in late May, further boosting numbers. However, Swifts, like so many other birds, are not doing well in the UK, with a decline of over 50% since 1995.

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Cuckoo

Median first report: 20 Mar

This year's first report: Not yet reported

Late March reports are few and far between and some may be the result of eagerness to get 'that letter' published in The Times. Unfortunately this is another species in serious decline, with a loss of over 50% of the UK population in the first 20 years of this century. Well worth a look is the BTO project that is tracking individual Cuckoo journeys to Africa and back. It is a data-heavy page, so can take a little longer to load. BTO Cuckoo tracking

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Turtle Dove

Median first report: 5 Apr

This year's first report: Not yet reported

March reports are exceptional, and some, if not all, could refer to wintering birds, so we try to exclude known wintering birds from arrival dates. The trickle of genuine migrants normally starts in the 2nd week of April. The big story of Turtle Doves, sadly, is of a species in serious trouble. Rangewide declines are thought to be driven by a number of factors including loss of foraging and nesting sites, disease and hunting along migration routes. Incredibly, France still permits the slaughter of tens of thousands annually.

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Corncrake

Median first report: 18 Apr

This year's first report: Not yet reported

Corncrakes tend to arrive in the latter half of April into early May but are often not recorded on northbound migration, rather they are only located once they have arrived on their breeding grounds. Unsurprisingly, they have declined immensely in the UK over the past two centuries, doubtless due in great part to changing agricultural practices. Since the 1990s targeted conservation efforts, including release schemes, had dramatically reversed that decline, and by 2014 there were 1,333 singing males recorded. However, in both 2017 and in 2018 that new high was down by 30%, to just over 900. The vast majority of UK Corncrakes breed in northwestern Scotland, most of them on Tiree or the Outer Hebrides, whilst the release schemes in England accounted for a total of 25 calling males in 2018, representing about 3% of the overall total. The European population was recently estimated at a little under half a million pairs (300k-500k).

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Stone Curlew

Median first report: 17 Mar

This year's first report: 14 Mar, Cavenham Heath, Suffolk

With occasional reports of wintering birds in the past, it is not easy to be sure of any early report being a migrant. This is a rare breeding species in the UK, there are believed to be around 300-400 pairs, so in order to help protect against disturbance we only report migrant birds away from breeding areas, unless the site is wardened and accepts/encourages visitors.

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Little Ringed Plover

Median first report: 3 Mar

This year's first report: 28 Feb, Keyhaven Marshes, Hampshire

The first bird of 2023 was several days earlier than the median first-reported date for the species. As it is a fairly widespread breeding species, particularly in England, the early reported arrivals are often, inevitably, reported from breeding sites. Therefore, we stop featuring this species comparatively early in the season. The UK population accounts for about 1% of the European total which is estimated at about 100,000 pairs.

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Dotterel

Median first report: 5 Apr

This year's first report: 7 Mar, Buckenham, Norfolk

It is likely that all late February/early March records could involve overwintering birds, either locally or on the near continent. A Dotterel at Cley, Norfolk in the winter of 1986/87 was not seen after the exceptionally heavy snow of mid January, when much of southeast England was buried under 50cm - 75cm.

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Wood Sandpiper

Median first report: 11 Apr

This year's first report: Not yet reported

This species occasionally overwinters, although a bird present at Old Moor RSPB, Yorkshire, throughout December 2020, wasn't reported after the New Year. However, what may have been the same individual was at Lound, Nottinghamshire on 3rd February 2021. There is a very small breeding poulation in the UK, of a few tens of pairs; the European population is estimated at around 300,000 pairs.

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Little Tern

Median first report: 6 Apr

This year's first report: Not yet reported

You can set your calendar by this early April arrival: almost every year, the first ones are reported in the week commencing 3rd April, with not a single one reported to RBA in March in the past 20 years. Will Climate Change influence that? And how will rising sea levels affect their breeding sites, which are especially subject to inundation in storms as well as disturbance by dogs and other influences.

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Roseate Tern

Median first report: 20 Apr

This year's first report: Not yet reported

The first Roseate Terns consistently arrive in British/Irish waters in the 3rd week of April, with most back by mid May. They are incredibly rare here in winter - although one was in Dublin in winter 2006/07. There are only around 100 pairs in Britain, and just 2,000 pairs in Europe in total, but of that, 1,600 are on the island of Rockabill, Co Dublin.

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Common Tern

Median first report: 21 Mar

This year's first report: 20 Mar, Penberth, Cornwall

Overwintering birds are very rare. Most years a few have been reported by the end of March, with an occasional one earlier, but it's April before the main arrival, and most of the 11,000 or so breeding pairs have arrived by mid May.

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Arctic Tern

Median first report: 3 Apr

This year's first report: 31 Mar, Farmoor, Oxfordshire

There are only a very few late March/early April reports: Arctic Terns are not necessarily an easy ID, even for expert eyes, especially if views are poor, and many birders choose to record such sightings as "Commic" Terns i.e. either Arctic or Common Tern. Some 10% of the European population are estimated to breed in Britain. Arctic Terns have incredible long-distance migrations, with many heading to Antarctic waters SW of Australia. One individual ringed as a chick on the Farne Islands, Northumberland, in June 1982 had made it to Melbourne, Australia, some 14,000 miles by sea, by October.

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Black Tern

Median first report: 12 Apr

This year's first report: Not yet reported

The arrival of this passage species begins in early April, often accompanied by Little Gulls during southeasterly winds. Black Terns used to nest in vast numbers, on the floating vegetation of the wild wetlands of East Anglia and the Fens, but 'improvements' to those areas as they were drained, led to a catastrophic terminal decline in the British breeding population. Some 50,000 pairs are still estimated to breed in Europe.

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Night Heron

Median first report: 3 Apr

This year's first report: 29 Mar, Kilkee, Co.Clare

Occasional over-wintering birds will inevitably cloud the 'arrivals' picture, as may escaped birds. There are usually 10-20 migrants recorded annually, but many are one-day birds. As with several other 'southern' heron and egret species, they are now breeding in England, albeit in very small numbers, for now.

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Purple Heron

Median first report: 2 Apr

This year's first report: 21 Mar, Eastern Isles, Isles of Scilly

It has long been predicted that this species will colonise the UK, but breeding attempts remain sporadic. The majority of the 20 or so Purple Herons that are recorded annually are seen in southern coastal counties and East Anglia, with a few further north along the east coast and in Wales. It is rarely seen in Scotland.

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Osprey

Median first report: 3 Mar

This year's first report: 1 Mar, Beaulieu, Hampshire

The Osprey on reported over the river Beaulieu was just a couple of days ealier than the median first report over the last 20 years. The Osprey recolonisation of Scotland in the latter half of the 1900s was spectacular, and they now host the majority of UK birds with nearly 300 pairs. However, apart from passage and non-breeding birds, Osprey is still a scarce bird over much of the rest of Britain away from the ongoing re-introduction schemes at Rutland Water, Leicestershire, and at Poole Harbour, Dorset.

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Honey Buzzard

Median first report: 20 Apr

This year's first report: Not yet reported

Many of the earliest reports of Honey Buzzard, before late April at least, probably never get into the County Bird reports unless they are backed up with photographic evidence. This is a rare breeding bird so in order to help protect against disturbance we only report migrant birds away from breeding areas, unless the site is an advertised raptor watchpoint.

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Hoopoe

Median first report: 12 Mar

This year's first report: 20 Mar, Godolphin Hill, Cornwall

Although some years there are wintering individuals, which can hinder working out the date of the first migrant, there was almost certainly a genuine arrival in late February 2003. In most recent years there are usually over 100 Hoopoes recorded in the UK, mostly in Spring, and mostly in southwest England. April is the month that most are found.

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Hobby

Median first report: 26 Mar

This year's first report: 19 Mar, Longham Lakes, Dorset

Early arrivals are typically in late March and the first few days of April, and may even coincide with the first dragonflies in warm years, but most Hobbies are not here until much later in April or early May. This species has increased dramatically since the 1970s and there are now estimated to be over 2,000 breeding pairs in Britain, with around 50,000 in Europe in total.

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Golden Oriole

Median first report: 22 Apr

This year's first report: Not yet reported

The maturing and subsequent harvest of the famous poplar plantations at Lakenheath, Suffolk, resulted in the loss of a popular and well visited breeding colony. However, it is still a regular if declining Spring migrant, and some favoured coastal localities, most especially in southwest England, such as the Isles of Scilly, record this species nigh-on annually. It never fails to amaze how even the most dramatic black-and-yellow individuals are often able to conceal themselves in sparse foliage.

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Sand Martin

Median first report: 27 Feb

This year's first report: 24 Feb, Lodmoor, Dorset

The First report of 2023 came on 24th February at Lodmoor in Dorset, three days ahead of the the median. The UK population of 100-200 thousand pairs accounts for some 4% of a European population estimated at around 1/3 million pairs. They are, like many, but not all, other species, arriving earlier, and a recent study of Shropshire migrant records show Sand Martins now arrive an incredible 16 days earlier on average than they did a century ago.

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Swallow

Median first report: 22 Feb

This year's first report: 26 Feb, Blackgang, Isle of Wight

Wintering birds, particularly in the south-west, increasingly cloud the analysis of arrival dates, and typical migration is from mid-March to mid-May. The UK population, of around 3/4 million pairs is in decline. There are estimated to be around 20-25 million pairs in Europe as a whole.

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House Martin

Median first report: 7 Mar

This year's first report: 11 Feb, Lound, Nottinghamshire

There are estimated to still be around half a million pairs in the UK, and some 15 million or so pairs in Europe, but the population has been in continuous decline in recent decades.

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Wood Warbler

Median first report: 10 Apr

This year's first report: Not yet reported

Birds reported at the end of March are very much outlying records, with birds normally trickling in during early April, and most have arrived by the beginning of May. Since the turn of the century there has been a dramatic decline in the British breeding population, which is now probably less than 6,000 pairs.

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Willow Warbler

Median first report: 11 Mar

This year's first report: 16 Mar, Farlington, Hampshire

Unless they are singing, Willow Warblers are not necessarily an easy identification for inexperienced observers, and that may account for some reports of this species. The first few are nearly always here by the 3rd week of March, and most have arrived by mid-April. The species has declined in the UK since WWII, with that decline accelerating in recent decades. Recent estimates give the population at a little over 2 million pairs. Willow Warblers, like many other species, are arriving earlier, and a recent study of Shropshire migrant records show them arriving 10 days earlier on average than they did a century ago.

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Sedge Warbler

Median first report: 23 Mar

This year's first report: 18 Mar, Fleet, Hampshire

The first one or two are usually reported in late March, but typically there are very few until early April. If you cannot see the bird that is singing, persevere to try and get views as potentially similarly-sounding-songsters include Moustached Warbler, which has occurred in The Netherlands in recent years in both March and April, Paddyfield Warbler or White-spotted Bluethroat, all of which are possible here in early Spring. Further, more than one birder I know admits to having been caught out hearing, albeit briefly, what they thought was an early Sedge Warbler that turned out to actually be a 'dodgy' Blackcap. Although Sedge Warblers are in slow decline in Britain, they are still common, and recent estimates put their population at around a quarter of a million pairs.

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Reed Warbler

Median first report: 31 Mar

This year's first report: 24 Mar, Parkgate, Cheshire

Occasionally birds are reported overwintering, such as the individual in Leyton, London, throughout November and December 2014. The first reports of migrant birds are generally not until the very end of March, or early April. Interestingly, their eye colour often changes as they get older: First year birds have a dark iris, changing to olive-brown when they are adult. The population is increasing in recent years, with some 130,000 pairs recently estimated in Britain.

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Grasshopper Warbler

Median first report: 2 Apr

This year's first report: Not yet reported

Small numbers arrive in March but there's an increased chance of hearing newly arrived reeling birds from about a week into April. When ageing ears can no longer hear the high pitched song of this species, the similar sounding, but lower pitched song of the rare Savi's Warbler can still be heard. A serious decline in the UK in recent decades, with the population recently estimated at just some 12,000 pairs.

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Garden Warbler

Median first report: 3 Apr

This year's first report: Not yet reported

Winter records are not unknown, indeed there was one at Kilnsea, Yorkshire, in December 2020. Mainly arriving from mid-April, when one can re-acquaint differentiating their song from the somewhat similar sounding Blackcap. Still a fairly common bird, recent estimates put the British poulation at around 150,000 pairs.

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Lesser Whitethroat

Median first report: 1 Apr

This year's first report: Not yet reported

Increasingly, the migrant picture is clouded by the occasional overwintering bird, which often prove to be of eastern forms. For example, one in a garden in Elvington, Yorkshire, in mid January had previously been trapped and ringed at Bempton Cliffs RSPB in October 2020, and had been confirmed by DNA analysis to be of the form blythi, Siberian Lesser Whitethroat. Unique amongst British warblers, Lesser Whitethroats migrate around the eastern end of the Mediterranean, rather than across the western end. A recent increase in population puts it at around 80,000 pairs in Britain..

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Whitethroat

Median first report: 29 Mar

This year's first report: Not yet reported

Wintering Whitethroats are very unusual, although one was reported in Bedfordshire in early Feb 2021. The very earliest migrants arrive in March, as shown in the chart. The population is still recovering after a massive drop due to the drought in the western Sahel in the late 1960s. Recent estimates put the British population at just over a million pairs.

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Ring Ouzel

Median first report: 5 Mar

This year's first report: 22 Feb, Lynton, Devon

A small number of birds now over-winter in Britain, so it is not always easy to ascertain which of the early records are genuine spring arrivals. Ring Ouzels are in decline, with recent estimates showing the British population at around 7,000 pairs.

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Spotted Flycatcher

Median first report: 17 Apr

This year's first report: Not yet reported

Although very occasionally reported before mid April, it is not until that time that this species is likely to be found, and any reports in the first half of April, or earlier, would ideally be accompanied by a photograph for the local County Recorder to be able to accept them as genuine. The catastrophic decline of Spotted Flycatcher in the UK in just a few years is well documented, a decline that is painfully obvious whilst researching the reports to RBA over the past two decades: at the turn of the century they were still only "uncommon". Indeed, look back to 2001 to see a report of no less than 51 in Chantry Park, Ipswich.

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Bluethroat

Median first report: 31 Mar

This year's first report: Not yet reported

Bluethroat occurences in the UK are on the decline, with recent records averaging under 100 per year, less than 40% of the numbers recorded in the 1980s. The earliest arrivals are of the White-spotted form that breed in Central and Southern Europe, with the more northerly breeding Red-spotted birds being about a month later. Very occasionally, Bluethroats overwinter in the UK, such as one on North Ronaldsay, Orkney in the winter of 2017/18.

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Nightingale

Median first report: 3 Apr

This year's first report: Not yet reported

First reports at the end of March are very few, and are often unconfirmed, with the first ten days of April being more typical. By mid April males are establishing territories and starting to deafen all-comers as they attempt to attract migrating females out of the night sky. It's a great shame that the scrub and thickets that they depend on is such a diminishing habitat, cleared for a myriad of reasons. Recent estimates suggest there may be less than 5,000 pairs left in Britain. Vera Lynn would be even less likely to encounter one in Berkeley Square today.

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Pied Flycatcher

Median first report: 1 Apr

This year's first report: 27 Mar, Glossop, Derbyshire

Encountering a dramatic black and white male Pied Flycatcher is one of the treats of Spring birding, and they can be found from the last days of March. I have enduring memories of my first, which was in Kew Gardens, London, on a YOC (Young Ornithologists Club) Local Leaders outing some 50 years ago. The breeding population increases of the late 1900s have been reversed, and recent estimates put the British population at less than 25,000 pairs.

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Redstart

Median first report: 22 Mar

This year's first report: 27 Mar, Fritham, Hampshire

Early arrivals are recorded in late March most years but the majority arrive from early April. A notable winter record is of one at Wormwood Scrubs, London, in 2006. The British population has declined this century, with a recent estimate of 135,000 breeding pairs.

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Whinchat

Median first report: 31 Mar

This year's first report: 2 Mar, St.Mary's, Isles of Scilly

March Whinchats are very unusual and should be photographed for the relevant County Recorder. Passage continues through April until late May. The British population is in noticeable decline, with a recent estimate showing there could be as few as 20,000 pairs left.

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Wheatear

Median first report: 27 Feb

This year's first report: 23 Feb Cwmystwyth, Ceredigion

The spring passage of this species is protracted, and birds migrating later in the spring are likely to be heading to the highest latitudes, such as those making the long journey over the North Atlantic to Greenland. Unfortunately the British population of this species continues to decline, with recent estimates giving only between 120,000 - 220,000 pairs in 2016.

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Yellow Wagtail

Median first report: 20 Mar

This year's first report: 12-Mar: Cantley Marshes, Norfolk

Any Yellow Wagtail before the 3rd week of March is rather exceptional. Although mid-winter records are not unheard of, the experience of recent years is that most yellow wagtails present here during the winter are actually Eastern Yellow Wagtails. The British breeding population continues to show a decline, with only about 20,000 pairs in 2016.

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Blue-headed Wagtail

Median first report: 6 Apr

This year's first report: Not yet reported

Blue-headed Wagtail - the nominate subspecies of Yellow Wagtail that breeds on the near Continent - typically arrives here later than the first British Yellow Wagtails. However, the identification of this subspecies typically relies on the bird being a male and being seen on the ground whereas many records of Yellow Wagtail here are of over-flying birds uttering their characteristic flight call and may actually relate to Blue-headed Wagtail.

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White Wagtail

Median first report: 1 Mar

This year's first report: 7 Mar: North Foreland, Kent

Although White Wagtail is a very rare breeder in the UK we are on the flightpath of the population that breeds in Iceland. The identification of this subspecies can be difficult and it is simultaneously over-recorded and overlooked.

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Tree Pipit

Median first report: 23 Mar

This year's first report: 27 Mar, Ashdown Forest, Sussex

There are very few instances of Tree Pipits overwintering in Britain and the first dates are likely to relate to migrants arriving from Africa. Most records of this species are birds delivering their characteristic flight call whilst actively migrating. Prior to the vanguard arrival in April care must be taken identifying suspected Tree Pipits as singing Meadow Pipits have caused confusion in the past. The recent population decline has left the British population with as few as 66,000 pairs in 2016. (66k-120k).

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Common Rosefinch

Median first report: 7 May

This year's first report: Not yet reported

Occasionally birds winter in the UK, like one in Sheffield, South Yorkshire in 2006, so early spring records could refer to wintering birds. Typically, as a migrant, they are the last of our featured species to arrive with a median arrival date of 5th May; unsurprising given they have travelled here from the Indian Subcontinent. Annually about 150 are recorded in the UK, a significant increase since the 1970's and 80's. The Northern Isles account for a significant proportion of records.

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