Articles
Here you will find a wide range of birding related articles from various organisations, conservation bodies as well as individual accounts of rare bird finds and other interesting articles.
 
Click on the More > link to read the article.
 
RBA Daily News Summaries - Daily summaries of the news on an easy to use, searchable page
 
 
Weekly Birding Roundup 6 - 12 Nov   (Weekly Roundup)
Jon provides another comprehensive roundup of the week's birds from around Britain, Ireland and the Western Palearctic. More here >
Written by:  (13 Nov 2019)
 
 
Millions of monarch butterflies killed on Texas highways   (News)
Monarch butterflies are moving south through Texas on their annual autumn migration to overwintering sites in Central Mexico. More here >
Written by:  (13 Nov 2019)
 
 
Belgium's first wolf in 100 years is presumed dead   (News)
Naya, the first wolf in Belgium for more than 100 years may have been killed . A £30,000 reward has been offered after presumed death due to hunters. More here >
Written by:  (13 Nov 2019)
 
 
First confirmed sighting of a Ruppell's Vulture in Italy   (News)
On the 2nd of October, a Ruppell's Vulture was sighted and photographed in the area of Alcara Li Fusi by Michele Ungaro. More here >
Written by:  (11 Nov 2019)
 
 
Study finds sex bias in bird conservation plans   (Research)
Strategies have typically overlooked the habitats needed by females, putting already-declining species in even more peril, according to a new study. More here >
Written by:  (11 Nov 2019)
 
 
Emperor Penguins could march to extinction if climate change not halted   (Research)
If climate change continues at its current rate, Emperor Penguins could disappear by 2100 due to loss of Antarctic sea ice. More here >
Written by:  (11 Nov 2019)
 
 
North Sea discarded fish feeds millions of seabirds   (Research)
University of Exeter scientists estimate that 267,000 tonnes of fish was discarded in the North Sea in 2010 enough to feed 3.45 million birds. More here >
Written by:  (11 Nov 2019)
 
 
Glimmers of hope for UK's wild birds   (Conservation News)
The Wild Bird Populations in the UK 1970-2018 report is an annual stocktake of a suite of species groups.
More here >
Written by:  (07 Nov 2019)
 
 
Weekly Birding Roundup 30 Oct - 5 Nov   (Weekly Roundup)
David Campbell provides another comprehensive roundup of the week's birds from around Britain, Ireland and the Western Palearctic. More here >
Written by:  (06 Nov 2019)
 
 
Gannets travel hundreds of miles just to catch food   (Research)
Scientists recorded thousands of Gannets commuting to and from the Bass Rock, in the outer part of the Firth of Forth in Eastern Scotland. More here >
Written by:  (06 Nov 2019)
 
 
Young naturalist receives RSPB award for his conservation campaigning   (News)
Dara McAnulty has been awarded the RSPB Medal at the nature conservation charity's AGM in recognition of the Co Down teenager's contributions to conservation. More here >
Written by:  (06 Nov 2019)
 
 
Migratory birds are worse off in West Africa   (Research)
Researchers have challenged the widely held idea that the costs of longer migratory flights are inevitably offset by benefits in the winter habitats. More here >
Written by:  (06 Nov 2019)
 
 
Gardenwatch: first findings on how we can improve gardens for wildlife   (Conservation News)
Gardens provide important space for our wildlife, but they could provide even more, according to preliminary results from Gardenwatch. More here >
Written by:  (06 Nov 2019)
 
 
Scientists identify butterflies most threatened by climate change   (Conservation News)
Scientists have discovered why climate change may be contributing to the decline of some British butterflies and moths, such as Silver-studded Blue and High Brown Fritillary butterflies. More here >
Written by:  (06 Nov 2019)
 
 
Government urged to ban burning on peatland   (Conservation News)
Twenty-six environmental charities, NGOs and associations are calling on the government to end the scandal of burning on peatland. More here >
Written by:  (06 Nov 2019)
 
 
Flock of Short-toed Eagles believed shot over Malta   (Wildlife crime)
A flock of around 15 birds were spotted by members of BirdLife Malta but it seems likely that most of them were shot. More here >
Written by:  (06 Nov 2019)
 
 
John Brodie Good (1958-2019)   (News)
Birder, WildWings founder and great friend to all of us here at RBA, sadly passed away on Tuesday 29th Oct, details of his funeral have now been released. More here >
Written by: Rare Bird Alert (04 Nov 2019)
 
 
Two satellite-tagged eagles disappear on the same day   (Wildlife crime)
The two birds are the latest in a long line to go missing in highly suspicious circumstances on grouse moors. More here >
Written by:  (04 Nov 2019)
 
 
Weekly Birding Roundup 23 - 29 Oct   (Weekly Roundup)
Chris Batty provides another comprehensive roundup of the week's birds from around Britain, Ireland and the Western Palearctic. More here >
Written by: Chris Batty (30 Oct 2019)
 
 
The Azores: Birding on Corvo in October 2019   (Personal Account)
Paul French's first autumn birding trip to Corvo in the Azores turns out to be a very memorable one, with amongst many American birds, the first Prothonotary Warbler for the Western Palearctic More here >
Written by: Paul French (29 Oct 2019)
 
 
Finders-in-the-Field: Swainson's Thrush and more, St.Mary's, Scilly   (Finders account)
Will Scott recounts a fantastic time on Scilly this autumn, culminating in the finding of a Swainson's Thrush. More here >
Written by: Will Scott (28 Oct 2019)
 
 
UK wetlands get a health check   (Conservation News)
Wetland Bird Survey (WeBS) Alerts, highlight how well protected wetland sites in Great Britain and Northern Ireland are working for wintering waterbirds. More here >
Written by: BTO (28 Oct 2019)
 
 
Finders-in-the-Field: Myrtle Warbler, Callernish, North Uist   (Finders account)
On North Uist in the Western Isles Brian Rabbitts decides to look for migrants at Callernish and finds a delightful Myrtle Warbler More here >
Written by: Brian Rabbitts (26 Oct 2019)
 
 
Finders-in-the-Field: Bobolink, Theddlethorpe, Lincolnshire   (Finders account)
Tom Hibbert describes finding a Bobolink on the English east coast in Lincolnshire. More here >
Written by: Tom Hibbert (25 Oct 2019)
 
 
Finders in the Field: Two-barred Greenish Warbler, Suffolk   (Finders account)
Mark Cornish describes finding Suffolk's first Two-barred Greenish Warbler on his first day out after having flu. More here >
Written by: Mark Cornish (25 Oct 2019)
 
 
Finders in the Field.. The one that got away   (Finders account)
Tim Vaughan recounts the ecstasy and agony of finding a Chestnut-eared Bunting that 'got away' on Scilly. More here >
Written by: Tim Vaughan (24 Oct 2019)
 
 
Train collision kills 15 vultures in North East Spain   (News)
The collision occurred on the line between Monzon and Binefar whilst the vultures were feeding on a wild boar carcass. More here >
Written by:  (23 Oct 2019)
 
 
Weekly Birding Roundup 16 - 22 Oct   (Weekly Roundup)
Chris Batty rounds up another mega week of birds from around Britain, Ireland and the Western Palearctic. More here >
Written by:  (23 Oct 2019)
 
 
Spurn Motus Network: 'Project Yellow-browed'   (Conservation News)
As the exciting new era for bird recording gets up and running at Spurn there is news of the first UK Motus detection. More here >
Written by:  (23 Oct 2019)
 
 
Finders-in-the-Field: Rose-breasted Grosbeak, Isles of Scilly   (Finders account)
Chris Townend describes finding a Rose-breasted Grosbeak on one of the less-watched islands, St.Martin's. More here >
Written by:  (22 Oct 2019)
 
 
Warmer nights prompt birds to lay eggs earlier   (Research)
Breeding patterns of birds such as blue tits are being altered as evenings in spring get warmer, researchers say. More here >
Written by:  (22 Oct 2019)
 
 
New flowerpecker species described in Borneo   (Research)
First spotted a decade ago the species has now been fully described and named to honour the people who live in and are working to protect its habitat. More here >
Written by:  (22 Oct 2019)
 
 
The lunar cycle drives the Nightjar's migration   (Research)
GPS tracking data reveals that the foraging activity of the European Nightjar more than doubles during moon-lit nights, and the birds then migrate simultaneously about 10 days after the full moon. More here >
Written by:  (22 Oct 2019)
 
 
White Bellbirds set new record for loudest bird call   (Research)
Now recognized as the loudest in the world, bellbird calls have a sound pressure about three times that of screaming pihas, another Amazon species. More here >
Written by:  (22 Oct 2019)
 
 
Finders-in-the-Field: Siberian Rubythroat, Tresta, Fetlar   (Finders account)
With a little help from a herniated disc in his back, Phil Woollen makes the dream find of a male Siberian Rubythroat on Fetlar. More here >
Written by:  (21 Oct 2019)
 
 
Finders-in-the-Field: Common Nighthawk, Bushy Park, London   (Finders account)
Lewis Newman makes a quite unbelievable discovery in Bushy Park in London when he photographs a Common Nighthawk which was previously present in Northern Ireland. More here >
Written by:  (20 Oct 2019)
 
 
Finders-in-the-Field: Rufous-tailed Robin, Fetlar   (Finders account)
Following submission of his PhD, Andrew Tongue headed to Shetland for a two week trip in the hope of finding something rare... More here >
Written by:  (17 Oct 2019)
 
 
Weekly Birding Roundup 9 - 15 Oct   (Weekly Roundup)
Jon Dunn rounds up another mega week of birds from around Britain, Ireland and the Western Palearctic. More here >
Written by:  (16 Oct 2019)
 
 
Public spaces to be filled with Birdsong this October   (News)
The RSPB will bring birdsong to over five-million people by linking up with businesses and supporters to play birdsong around the UK on Thursday 17 October. More here >
Written by:  (15 Oct 2019)
 
 
Finders-in-the-Field: Black-and-white Warbler, St.Martin's, Isles of Scilly   (Finders account)
Whilst on a visit to a vineyard on St.Martin's, Michael Knight and his wife spotted a small black-and-white bird they didn't recognise. More here >
Written by:  (15 Oct 2019)
 
 
Review: Birds in Winter: surviving the most challenging season   (Book review)
This book explores the ecology of birds in winter, how they prepare for and survive the challenges of the non-breeding season. More here >
Written by:  (15 Oct 2019)
 
 
Review: Opticron Imagic IS 10x30 & 12x30   (Product Review)
Birder and artist Ray Scally gets his hands on Opticron's new range of image stabilised binoculars.
More here >
Written by:  (15 Oct 2019)
 
 
Rare moth returns to Cornwall after 10-year absence   (News)
A caterpillar of the elusive Narrow-bordered Bee Hawk-moth was found on Goss Moor National Nature Reserve near Victoria in late June. More here >
Written by:  (15 Oct 2019)
 
 
Birds benefiting from climate change may find boost is short-lived   (Research)
The most detailed report of its kind to date has turned theories about the effects of climate change upon birds on their head. More here >
Written by:  (15 Oct 2019)
 
 
Curlew champion receives major conservation award   (News)
Mary Colwell, conservationist and author, is the recipient of the 2019 WWT Marsh Award for Wetland Conservation, for her work in raising awareness of the plight of the curlew. More here >
Written by:  (15 Oct 2019)
 
 
Finders-in-the-Field: Black-and-white Warbler on Inishbofin   (Finders account)
On the back of Hurricane Lorenzo Anthony Mcgeehan heads to Inishbofin on Ireland's west coast in search of nearctic vagrants and gets a mega reward. More here >
Written by:  (14 Oct 2019)
 
 
Weekly Birding Roundup 2 - 8 Oct   (Weekly Roundup)
Would all the hype live up to expectations this week, as the the remnants of Hurricane Lorenzo struck? You bet it would! More here >
Written by:  (09 Oct 2019)
 
 
Proximity to paths and roads is a burden for White-tailed Sea Eagles   (Research)
Research shows that proximity to paths and roads increases stress in White-tailed Sea Eagles.
More here >
Written by:  (09 Oct 2019)
 
 
New film from Sir David Attenborough calls for nature's recovery   (Conservation News)
Sir David Attenborough has made a short film with the charity to provide answers to the State of Nature partnership's latest warnings of wildlife declines in the UK. More here >
Written by:  (09 Oct 2019)
 
 
Madrid to cull 'noisy' parakeets   (News)
Faced with a soaring population of noisy Monk Parakeets city authorities in Madrid said they have decided to take steps to cut their numbers.
More here >
Written by:  (09 Oct 2019)
 
 
No let-up in net loss of UK's nature   (Conservation News)
Leading professionals from more than 70 wildlife organisations and government agencies present the clearest picture to date of the status of our species.
More here >
Written by:  (09 Oct 2019)
 
 
Help crack the Curlew mystery!   (Conservation News)
A total of 50 headstarted Curlews released at WWT Slimbridge in July could up sticks this winter..
More here >
Written by:  (09 Oct 2019)
 
 
Pine Martens reintroduced to England   (Conservation News)
Pine Martens have been reintroduced to England for the first time following near extinction - to the Forest of Dean, in Gloucestershire.
More here >
Written by:  (09 Oct 2019)
 
 
Finders-in-the-Field: Least Bittern, Farranfore, Co.Kerry - an Irish first   (Finders account)
Ireland's first Least Bittern is found in Kerry but dies shortly afterwards, Anthony O'Connor picks up the story.
More here >
Written by:  (09 Oct 2019)
 
 
Weekly Birding Roundup 25 Sept - 1 Oct   (Weekly Roundup)
A super busy week from Shetland to Scilly. Highlights included two firsts for Wales, on Shetland a brace of rare shrikes and further afield a first for France. More here >
Written by:  (02 Oct 2019)
 
 
Finders-in-the-Field: American Buff-bellied Pipit - a Welsh first   (Finders account)
Sam Prettyman describes finding a first for Wales with with Lewis Hooper on Bardsey Island.
More here >
Written by:  (01 Oct 2019)
 
 
Collapse of desert bird populations likely due to heat stress from climate change   (Research)
As temperatures rise, desert birds need more water to cool off at the same time as deserts are becoming drier, setting some species up for a severe crash, if not extinction. More here >
Written by:  (01 Oct 2019)
 
 
Logging causes songbirds to alter their singing behaviour   (Research)
Researchers working in Malaysian Borneo are learning that songbirds change how they sing in tropical forests degraded by selective logging. More here >
Written by:  (01 Oct 2019)
 
 
Conserving nature's 'umbrella' species could benefit whole habitats   (Conservation News)
Conservationists may have found a shortcut in the race to save some of the Earth's threatened species.
More here >
Written by:  (01 Oct 2019)
 
 
Chile introduces new fishing regulations to save seabirds   (Conservation News)
The Chilean Government has introduced new fishing regulations making the use of mitigation measures mandatory to help save seabirds. More here >
Written by:  (30 Sep 2019)
 
 
BTO's 'remarkable impact' recognised in report   (Conservation News)
An independent panel of leading scientists, reviewing the impact of the BTO's scientific work, has recognised the charity's remarkable impact on both policy and on practice. More here >
Written by:  (30 Sep 2019)
 
 
BIRD for LIV: A birdrace to help save a life   (Personal Account)
Liv Woodburn, wife of Northumberland birder Gary Woodburn, needs urgent life-saving surgery and you can help by taking part in a birdrace this October More here >
Written by:  (27 Sep 2019)
 
 
Finders-in-the-Field: Blue Rock Thrush, Isles of Scilly   (Finders account)
Kris Webb tells how his good friend found a Blue Rock Thrush on the Isles of Scilly, the second for the archipelago. More here >
Written by:  (27 Sep 2019)
 
 
'Holy Grail' Moth Recolonises Britain    (News)
Numerous recent sightings of a moth that became extinct in the UK in the 1960s, suggest that it has recolonised and is now breeding across southern Britain. More here >
Written by:  (26 Sep 2019)
 
 
Weekly Birding Roundup 18 - 24 Sept   (Weekly Roundup)
Jon Dunn brings you a comprehensive roundup of the best birds from around Britain, Ireland and the Western Palearctic. More here >
Written by:  (25 Sep 2019)
 
 
Scilly Pelagics 2019: A Windy Series   (Personal Account)
Jim Almond looks back on a memorable 12 days spent on St. Mary's when he took part in 10 Scilly Pelagic sessions from the 8th to 18th August 2019. More here >
Written by:  (24 Sep 2019)
 
 
Scotland's Corncrake population down 30% in five years   (Conservation News)
The 2019 survey results for Corncrakes, one of Scotland's rarest breeding birds, reinforce the vulnerability of the species RSPB Scotland has warned. More here >
Written by:  (24 Sep 2019)
 
 
Migweek 2019   (Event)
Is it that time already? It's just a few weeks until The Filey & Flamborough Ringing and Migration Week, and its free for all! More here >
Written by:  (24 Sep 2019)
 
 
Shags follow each other when fishing   (Research)
The study is the first to investigate why large groups of Shags, known as 'rafts', dive together at sea. More here >
Written by:  (24 Sep 2019)
 
 
Gone for Good: Has Hurricane Dorian wiped out the Bahama Nuthatch?   (Conservation News)
The Bahama Nuthatch was previously thought to have gone extinct after Hurricane Matthew in 2016, until its rediscovery last year. More here >
Written by:  (24 Sep 2019)
 
 
Little Bustard threatened by global warming   (Research)
New research led by the University of East Anglia shows how global warming could reduce the mating activity and success of grassland birds such as Little Bustard. More here >
Written by:  (24 Sep 2019)
 
 
US and Canada have lost 3 billion in the past 50 years   (Research)
The results show tremendous losses across diverse groups of birds and habitats, from iconic songsters such as meadowlarks, migrants such as swallows and garden birds including sparrows. More here >
Written by:  (24 Sep 2019)
 
 
First British-bred Griffon Vulture released into the wild   (Conservation News)
The young Helmsley-born Griffon Vulture, christened 'Vicki', is now fully grown and has been accepted into the Vulture Conservation Foundation's release programme in Sardinia. More here >
Written by:  (23 Sep 2019)
 
 
Weekly Birding Roundup 11 - 17 Sept   (Weekly Roundup)
Jon Dunn rounds up another week of birds from Britain and the WP, highlights included Common Nighthawk, Eastern Olivaceous Warbler, Little Crake and Broad-billed Roller. More here >
Written by:  (18 Sep 2019)
 
 
Bali - a veritable emporium for illegal cage birds   (Wildlife crime)
Researchers found 5,228 birds of 129 species during a 2017 inventory and 7,258 birds of 144 species a year later in two of Bali's largest bird markets. More here >
Written by:  (17 Sep 2019)
 
 
Controversial insecticides shown to threaten survival of wild birds   (Research)
Using controlled dosing researchers were able to confirm a cause and effect between neonicotinoid exposures and delayed migration, not just a correlation. More here >
Written by:  (17 Sep 2019)
 
 
Moth returns to Brecon Beacons after 100-year absence   (Conservation News)
The Narrow-bordered Bee Hawk-moth was previously found on 12 sites across Wales, but four new sites have been discovered this year, including in the Brecon Beacons. More here >
Written by:  (17 Sep 2019)
 
 
2019 - The Year of the Painted Lady   (Conservation News)
In just three weeks this summer, nearly half a million Painted Lady butterflies were counted as part of the 10th UK-wide Big Butterfly Count, run by Butterfly Conservation. More here >
Written by:  (16 Sep 2019)
 
 
Extinct Canary Island bird was not a unique species after all   (Research)
DNA tests have proven the extinct bird unique to the Canary Islands is actually almost identical to types commonly found in the UK and throughout Europe. More here >
Written by:  (16 Sep 2019)
 
 
Oriental Bird Club, Autumn Meeting   (Event)
Free entry to the Oriental Bird Club (OBC) Autumn Meeting Sat 21st Sept. All welcome, great talks and fab curry, at Cley village hall, Norfolk. Starts 10:30am More here >
Written by: Oriental Bird Club (13 Sep 2019)
 
 
Wild Justice succeeds with challenge to non-native gamebird releases   (Conservation News)
Government agrees to examine impact of shooting industry's release of 50m non-native birds following crowd-funded legal challenge. More here >
Written by:  (12 Sep 2019)
 
 
Going the extra mile for Turtle Doves   (Conservation News)
Jonny Rankin and Nick Moran completed a 160mile bike ride in 12 hours and the following morning ran a marathon, to raise money for Turtle Dove conservation. More here >
Written by:  (12 Sep 2019)
 
 
Weekly Birding Roundup 4 - 10 Sept   (Weekly Roundup)
Jon Dunn rounds another week of birding from around Britain, Ireland and the Western Palearctic. More here >
Written by:  (11 Sep 2019)
 
 
Barnacle Geese changing migratory routes because of climate change   (Research)
Individual geese have mostly decided to change to the new route, and that other, predominantly younger geese, now learn the new habit from each other. More here >
Written by:  (11 Sep 2019)
 
 
Record year for booming Bitterns   (Conservation News)
This year the RSPB is celebrating the Bitterns' best year since records began, with over 100 male Bitterns recorded booming on the charity's reserves. More here >
Written by:  (11 Sep 2019)
 
 
British gulls at risk from windfarms   (Conservation News)
New research by BTO shows that Lesser Black-backed Gulls breeding in Britain could be vulnerable to collisions with wind turbines. More here >
Written by:  (11 Sep 2019)
 
 
Gurney's Pitta on the brink of extinction   (Conservation News)
One of the world's most elusive birds, is on the brink of extinction, according to a new study by a Fauna & Flora International (FFI) team in Myanmar. More here >
Written by:  (11 Sep 2019)
 
 
Slowed metabolism helps migrating geese soar   (Research)
Researchers have shed new light on how some geese can fly high for long periods of time, according to a study published today in eLife.. More here >
Written by:  (10 Sep 2019)
 
 
RBA Young Ornithologists Fellowship   (News)
An exciting, new, generously sponsored programme, to develop leadership, compassion and practical skills through awards of experiences and equipment worth over £1,600 per person. More here >
Written by: Rare Bird Alert (06 Sep 2019)
 
 
Barn Owls reflect moonlight in order to stun their prey   (Research)
Researchers have found that on full moon nights, when facing a white Barn Owl instead of a red one, rodents stay frozen for longer. More here >
Written by: Rare Bird Alert (06 Sep 2019)
 
 
Finders-in-the-Field: Probable Brown Booby, Swalecliffe, Kent   (Finders account)
Andy Taylor describes his part in co-finding what could be Britain's first Brown Booby a few days before confirmed sightings in Cornwall. More here >
Written by:  (04 Sep 2019)
 
 
Birdcrime report demands grouse moor review in England   (Conservation News)
The RSPB's Birdcrime 2018 report reveals bird of prey persecution is still rife. There were 87 confirmed incidents of illegal activity, but only one conviction. More here >
Written by:  (04 Sep 2019)
 
 
The S Brick - a new home for Swifts   (Conservation News)
A new Swift and Sparrow nestbox has been developed to address both the market for retrofitting in brick and rendered cavity walls. More here >
Written by:  (04 Sep 2019)
 
 
Marina plan threatens to destroy final stronghold of Endangered curlew   (Conservation News)
Wintering ground for Far-eastern Curlew is threatened by plans for a marina and high-rise residential complex at Moreton Bay, Australia. More here >
Written by:  (04 Sep 2019)
 
 
First-ever video of Nordmann's Greenshank on a nest   (Conservation News)
Not seen for decades, the nest of the globally-endangered bird has been found and filmed in Russia. More here >
Written by:  (04 Sep 2019)
 
 
Weekly Birding Roundup 28 Aug - 3 Sept   (Weekly Roundup)
Jon Dunn rounds up a memorable week in British birding where not one but two Brown Boobies are found in Cornwall whilst in Lancashire a wheatear provided a identification challenge. More here >
Written by:  (04 Sep 2019)
 
 
Citizen science shows a response to climate change by a third of English breeding birds   (Conservation News)
New research has shown that 1/3 of 68 breeding species have been affected by climate change, leading to notable increases in some and declines in a few. More here >
Written by:  (03 Sep 2019)
 
 
Ban Driven Grouse Shooting petition reaches 100k goal in 20 days   (Conservation News)
The UK e-petition, launched by the campaign group WildJustice, has reached the 100,000 signatures required for it to be considered for a parliamentary debate. More here >
Written by:  (02 Sep 2019)
 
 
Finders-in-the-Field: Brown Booby, St.Ives, Cornwall   (Finders account)
On a family day out at St.Ives beach Kester Wilson wasn't expecting to find a rare bird so left his binoculars at home but then spots an 'unusual' bird feeding offshore! More here >
Written by:  (29 Aug 2019)
 
 
Weekly Birding Roundup 21 - 27 Aug   (Weekly Roundup)
Jon Dunn brings you his comprehensive roundup of a sensational week. A Brown Booby in Cornwall, Scotland's first Cliff Swallow and a probable Desertas Petrel off Scilly were the week's main headlines. More here >
Written by:  (28 Aug 2019)
 
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